Your Nervous System Needs TLC

by Baxter and Nina

Nerve Cells

Although we tend to think about the nervous system only when we’re feeling stressed (or nervous!), your nervous system is essential for your survival. Basically, it provides the following essential functions:

• Controls background processes that keep your body alive and healthy, such breathing, maintaining normal temperature, and adjusting blood pressure to match activity.
• Responds to external stimuli (which come in through our senses), such as having a positive reaction to a beautiful smell, a pain response to a burn, or a quick reaction to an oncoming car 
• Obeys our conscious mental instructions, such as to talk, move, or breathe more slowly. 

By communicating through your nerves, your nervous system constantly monitors the internal activities of your body systems, attempting to keep them in a healthy balance called “homeostasis.” It also monitors your environment to assess if it is safe or dangerous, and sends messages to your body either to relax and enjoy or act quickly to get to safety. 

Your nervous system is made up of two main parts: the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. However, even though we—and our anatomy books!—always discuss the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system as two separate systems (see below), they are really a continuation of one another and are in constant communication with each other about the state of your body. 

Chronic stress has a negative effect on your nervous system, contributing to the development of anxiety, depression, sleep problems, lack of concentration, and memory impairment. Therefore, using your yoga practice to keep stress levels in check and to manage your stress during challenging periods, will support the health of your nervous system overall. Additionally, besides by staying generally healthy through exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet and drinking enough water, getting enough rest, and avoiding smoking, you can support the health of your nervous system by:

• Treating conditions that can negatively impact the system, such as diabetes and hypertension.
• Avoiding alcohol and drugs that affect the nervous system. 
• Decreasing use of over-the-counter medications, because as you get older, these can negatively affect your nervous system. 
• Testing your hearing and vision regularly (when they are not working well the brain has a harder time recording information).
• Cultivating brain health (see 6 Ways to Foster Brain Health with Yoga). 

Now let’s have a look at the individual components so you can understand how they all work together, how important they are for your basic survival and functioning in your daily life, and how yoga can help you keep your nervous system healthy. 

Neurons. The basic component of your nervous system is a specialized cell called a neuron, which are both part of your brain and also make up your nerves. The human brain contains about 86 billion neurons, and its neurons are densely packed and are only 10 microns long. While aging results in the loss of some of our brain neurons, the ability of our brains to grow and change (brain plasticity) means that continuing to stimulate our brains with learning will actually cause our brain neurons to grow and existing brain neurons to be repurposed. 

Neurons connect the brain proper to your spinal cord, and from the spinal cord connect to neurons in your peripheral nerves. Using your asana practice to maintain healthy posture and proper alignment of your spinal bones will help to keep your spinal cord safe from pinching and narrowing, which could cause nerve dysfunction or pain. 

Your peripheral nerves consist of longer neurons, which can be up to 1 meter in length. They transmit messages through the nerve via electrical signals and use chemical neurotransmitters to send the impulses from one neuron to the next. A sedentary lifestyle and structural injuries can negatively impact your peripheral nerves. With a regular asana practice, you can release holding patterns around your nerves, allowing them to function them better. 

Central Nervous System. Made up of your spinal cord and your brain, your central nervous system receives and processes information from all over your body. In response to conscious thoughts, your central nervous system sends nerve impulses to your peripheral nervous system to make the requested action happen. And in response to nerve impulses that your central nervous system receives from your senses and your autonomic nervous system (which keep your background systems in balance), your central nervous system sends nerve impulses to make your body react appropriately. 

Besides communicating through your nerves, your central nervous system also communicates with your organs and the rest of your body through chemical and hormonal messages, for example, by releasing the stress hormone adrenaline when you need to react quickly. 

Peripheral Nervous System. Consists of nerve fibers that branch off from your spinal cord and extend to all parts of your body, including your neck, arms, torso, and legs, as well as all your muscles and internal organs. The nerve receptors and long nerves that travel all over your body and back to your central nervous system are either delivering information to your central nervous system or receiving instructions from it. For example, when you decide to raise your arms in Warrior 1 pose, your brain sends a message via the peripheral nervous system to the appropriate muscles. Or, when you’re stressed, your peripheral nervous system speeds up your heart rate. Likewise, if you cut yourself, taste some chocolate, or sniff a flower, your peripheral nervous system communicates lets your brain know all about it. 

The peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic systems.

Somatic Nervous System. Provides voluntary control of your body movements. In yoga, we use our somatic nervous system when we practice poses, perform breath practices, stay still when we meditate, and consciously relax muscles in restorative poses and guided relaxation. Obviously we want our somatic nervous to function optimally because to function well in our daily lives we need quick and coordinated responses to our mental requests for movement or rest. You can use your asana practice to support the health of your somatic nervous system by practicing a wide variety of poses and movement patterns to activate all those nerves on a regular basis, and by practicing balance and flow poses to keep your proprioceptors (the nerves that allow you to sense where you are in space) healthy. 

Autonomic Nervous System. Regulates involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion. It’s called “autonomic” because it works autonomously (automatically) without your conscious effort. (You don’t need to tell your heart to beat the same way you need to tell your front knee to bend to 90 degrees in Warrior 2 pose. Voluntary movements, such as knee bending, are controlled by your somatic nervous system.) 

Although the functions of the autonomic nervous system are generally involuntary, some of them are not outside of your awareness, and they may be influenced by your state of mind. For example, although you can’t tell your heart to beat faster or more slowly, you can feel it beating. And when you’re calm, you’ll notice that your heart beats more slowly and when you’re afraid or angry, you’ll notice it beating more rapidly. 

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts that function in tandem with each other: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Learning about these two systems and how they interact with each other is one of the secrets to learning to keep your stress levels in check (see Life Changer: Understanding Your Nervous System). 

We hope this little anatomy lesson helps you understand the importance of your nervous system and the value of giving it active attention as you age. All the yoga tools at your disposal, including asanas, meditation, breath practices, relaxation practices, and even yoga philosophy, will help you support its good health.

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2 Steps to Take Charge of Your Stress or Anxiety

by Nina

Enclosed Field with Rising Sun by van Gogh

Lately I’ve been trying to help several people who are suffering from stress and/or anxiety. Although these people are all quite different from each other—they range from a young woman with a new baby to man with newly diagnosed heart disease to an older man with chronic insomnia—I found myself saying the exact same things to each one of them. And since my advice was, in a way, very basic, I thought I’d write it up for the blog.

One of the things that motivated me to share this advice was that I was struck by something my friend said when talking over her daughter’s problems with her. “Well, I guess, anxiety just comes and goes.” My friend seemed to feel that her daughter was at the mercy of some emotion that took her over periodically and that there was nothing she could do to change that. But I feel that through a combination of educating yourself and making some lifestyle changes, you can empower yourself to deal more effectively with stressful situations and hopefully also reduce the levels of stress and/or anxiety that you are suffering from. 

And the advice I’ve been giving boils down to two simple steps.

1. Learn About Your Nervous System.

The first thing I always tell people I’m teaching to manage stress and anxiety is to read The Relaxation Response by Herbert Benson so they can learn about how their nervous system—specifically the autonomic nervous system—works. I recommend this book because although we have some information on the blog about the nervous system (see Chronic Stress: An Introduction and Stress, Your Health and Yoga), we don’t yet have a comprehensive overview of the nervous system. (I am going to write one tomorrow, though, because I’ve realized how important it is!) 

I feel strongly that educating yourself about your nervous system will help eliminate some of the mystery of what’s happening to you and empower you to make some important decisions. Knowing the symptoms of chronic stress, such as insomnia, digestive problems, headaches, high blood pressure and so on, will help you choose the right solutions (see below) for you and to take action before things get out of hand. And I also believe that knowing about how your nervous system works and understanding the difference between sleep and conscious relaxation (see Conscious Relaxation vs. Sleep) will motivate you to start practicing stress management. Otherwise, you might think—as one friend did—that exercise and sleep are all that is needed.

For example, I can always tell when I’m getting stressed out because I start sleeping poorly, lose my appetite (sometimes even feeling nauseated), and, because my mind is racing, I talk more than usual! If things get really bad, I start to feel a burning sensation in my chest. So rather than just waiting until things get even worse (I have been there—“going over the edge” I call it), I double down and focus my yoga practice on stress management (see Friday Q&A: Practicing to Manage Stress). I believe this has helped keep me emotionally healthy for almost 20 years now.

2. Find Ways to Manage Your Stress and Reduce Anxiety, and Practice Them.

Once you’ve learned about your nervous system and how important conscious relaxation is for your emotional as well as physical health, you should take the time to explore the possibilities yoga offers for helping you manage your stress and reduce your anxiety. We’ve been writing about the different ways that yoga can help you manage stress since the very earliest days of the blog. And throughout the years, we’ve continued to write about this. That’s because we feel that yoga includes such a wide range of possibilities that you’re sure to find something that works for you. Interestingly, the paper I wrote about in Self-Regulation, Psychological Health, and Yoga confirmed this very opinion!

But everyone needs to experiment to find what suits them best. For example, even though breath practices (see Friday Q&A: Breath Practices for Anxiety) are traditionally thought to be helpful for stress and anxiety, one person I’m working with found that breath practices I recommended tend to agitate him. Happily, however, I introduced him to supported forward bends, which he immediately found soothing. Another man I’ve been counseling does find breath work helpful, and he has used to it to relax while getting medical procedures that make him tense. He also really enjoys the guided relaxation tracks we have available on our site (see Audio Tracks). 

I myself love the breath practices and supported inversions (see All About Supported Inversions). But I never enjoy restorative yoga, unless I’m super exhausted, and I don’t like listening to an audio recording of any kind while I practice, which are two of Baxter’s favorite things. Hey, we’re all different, not only in our tastes but in the ways we get stressed out. See The Relaxation Response and Yoga for an overview of the different practices.

Finally, once you’ve identified the practices that work for you, you need to practice them regularly. This is crucial! Although some of the practices can provide quick, temporary relief, none are going to instantly re-balance your nervous system. After all, it probably took a while for your nervous system to become over-stressed, so it will take some time to return it to normal. But making the commitment to actively take care of yourself by practicing regularly is empowering—you are no longer at the complete mercy of outside forces—and that in itself is a huge step to take.

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Planning a Practice for Improving Balance

by Shari

We've had a question about how to practice when you want to work on balance. We're going to take our time addressing this issue because there are several factors involved in balance. When you plan a daily balance practice, it is important to include all six basic balance components:

1.  Strength: Strengthening your legs is critical. Leg muscles that need to be strong for good balance include the quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, gluteal, and ankle muscles. (Please see Baxter’s recent posts on feet and ankles). In addition, the back muscles specifically the back extensors, are also important.
2. Proprioception: The ability to sense where we are in space is critical for balance. Practicing with an emphasis on proprioception can help maintain or even increase this ability.
3. Central Nervous System Reactivity: The ability to coordinate movements of your eyes is essential to seeing objects in your environment clearly while you are in motion, and other central nervous system reactions help you maintain balance.
4. Postural Control: Standing well is the critical component for maintaining balance.
5. Gait: Varying how fast and slow you walk, as well as the sizes and directions of step, can help you stay more nimble and avoid falling.
6. Vestibular System: The vestibular system is the sensory system that contributes to movement and sense of balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear.

You can target your specific “challenge” areas by varying how you incorporate these components in your practice.

Strength

We need dynamic as well as static strength to prevent falling. Simple ways to strengthen your legs can be standing up and down from a standard height chair without using your arms to assist you. How slowly or quickly you do this can add to the variability for the muscles. Holding the position at various points in going down and coming up is also good. Working until your legs feel fatigue is the key to strengthening these muscles. But please remember these types of quadriceps exercises load the knees significantly and they could potentially aggravate an arthritic knee. So be careful.

Another way to build leg strength is a stair-stepping routine of stepping up and down one step with one leg and then changing and doing it on the other leg. You can also side step up and down with one leg as well as back stepping up and down with one leg. Try not to use the handrails unless you absolutely need to. Varying the speed of the step is good, too.

So now to translate this to yoga poses: think Warrior 2, Warrior 1, Extended Side Angle pose (Parvakonasana) and Powerful pose (Utkatasana). Move into and out of these poses first as a flow, pivoting your feet to keep changing directions. Then move into and out of these poses more quickly. Having a friend call out the poses so you can’t anticipate them can be fun—putting together your own sequence to delight your practice buddies! Then working to hold the poses with a timer to build strength. Start with a doable time, for example, ten seconds, and then increase it slowly. Thirty seconds is actually an eternity to hold a pose that is difficult for you. Varying how low you go into a pose is also valuable. Stepping into poses but not taking the actual pose also will challenge your reactions especially if someone else is also calling it out to you.

For back strength (this also includes gluteal muscles), try Locust pose (Salabasana) with arms and legs, as well as an all-fours position with opposite arm and leg lefts (Baxter calls this Hunting Dog pose—see Hunting Dog Pose for complete information on how to do this pose).

For ankles, try lunges with an emphasis on the back foot, toe rises and rocks with no hands (with both legs or one at a time). 
 
Proprioception

Closing your eyes while you practice can help with proprioception. For example, do toe rises and heel rocks but now close your eyes.

You can also work on an unstable surface, such as a foam mat (thick), an inflated air bed, your own bed or a couch (be creative and safe when choosing the unstable surface). Try standing in Tadasana (Mountain pose) with your feet hips-width apart and then with feet together on an unstable surface (first with your eyes open and then closed). After Tadasana, try heel-toe rocks on your unstable surface, first with your eyes open and then closed if possible. If you feel really adventuresome, try some standing poses on this surface, such as Warrior 2, Triangle pose, and Downward-Facing Dog or Hunting Dog pose as shown above. If this is doable, try closing your eyes and doing these poses on an unstable surface. Please make sure that you don’t fall off of whatever you are on because that would really be counterproductive.
 
Central Nervous System

Now let’s add the central nervous system challenge. Standing on an unstable surface, use your eyes to track a moving object. If you are doing this with a friend, he or she can hold a bright object in their hands while you use your eyes to follow their movement in front of you. Do not move your head or body, just use your eyes to track the object’s movement.

Now you can do a dynamic resistive exercise together. Stand facing each other palm to palm with your hands at shoulder height. One person is the leader and the other is the follower. The leader slowly starts to push into the follower’s hands and the follower matches their push into them with an equal push toward them. The leader keeps slowly increasing the force and the follower continues to match it. Then, without warning, the leader with quickly releases the force and move away from the follower. The follower is trying not to fall when the force has been removed. The leader is close enough to steady the follower so they don’t really fall. Change roles and repeat.

Another partner idea is to stand front to front again, but this time one person is holding a light object just out of their partner’s reach. The reacher is trying to lean to grab the object but the partner continues to slowly move the object just out of reach. The reacher cannot move his or her feet but can shift weight or turn without moving his or her feet. High reaching as well as below waist level reaching is good. There will be a point of reach when the reacher will lose his or her balance—that is the whole idea and the person holding the object should be able to assist their partner so no actual fall occurs. Change roles and repeat.

Postural Control

When working on postural control the key is to learn axial (skeletal) elongation as well as peripheral (arm and leg) elongation. The practice of Tadasana (Mountain pose) is difficult because of its simplicity. But learning your own postural habits is something that does affect balance and the ability to right yourself when a fall occurs.

You can address this component with a friend. Get a stick, such as a dowel, that is approximately six feet long and have your friend stand in Tadasana. Place the stick along his or her back body and see how many points of contact there are. Does the back of the head touch the stick? The upper back? The lower back? The buttocks? Do the backs of the knees touch the stick? Then look in an anatomy book to see what ideal posture is. Once you understand what your own issues are, then if you work with a yoga teacher, he or she can help you start to work on those areas that may need some attention.

Another component to address is the ability to safely lift an object off of the floor without falling forward onto your face when doing so. You can try this first with a friend and a light object like a newspaper. Each of you can do the task, which may be easier for some to do than others. Talk with each other to see if you can identify what makes it easy for some of you and more challenging for the others. With this information then you can decide if your personal issues are strength deficits, mobility or flexibility challenges, or other balance issues.

Now back to yoga poses that combine strength proprioception, and posture. Think Tree pose (Vrksasana), Mountain pose (Tadasana), Half Moon pose (Ardha Chandrasana), and Powerful pose (Utkatasana) with eyes open and closed, and with a stable and unstable surface. I am also particularly fond of the all-fours routine (Hunting Dog pose) on an unstable surface with eyes open and closed. Really you could pick one standing pose a week and work it through these variables of changing the surface you practice on, and whether you have your eyes open or closed. Moving into and out of the posture slowly or with variability in the degree of depth of the posture. The choices are endless actually.
 
Gait and Vestibular System

Try varying the speed of your walking—very fast or slow, big steps or small steps, quick changes in directions. You can also try stepping over items and around items, with quick changes again in direction after stepping over objects. Vary the objects you step over; some can be high and some can be low. You could do this with a group of friend, and have one person calling out what to do and the others following the directions. You could add music (like musical chairs) but when the music stops a pose might be called out for you to do.

And then there is what I call the “Queen Elizabeth walk” Walk at a stately pace while waving with alternating hands and turning your head to look at your adoring subject. The idea here is to make your practice fun!

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