Aging Changes to the Brain and Nervous System

by Baxter

Book, Pipe and Glasses by Juan Gris

We have recently shared some basic information about what the brain and nervous system are and what they do (see Your Brain is More than that Thing in Your Skull). And we’ve also shared with you how yoga can help with healthy aging of these essential parts of our bodies (see How to Foster Brain Health with Yoga). Yet we have not been clear on what the normal aging changes are for the brain and the nervous system, so today, I will address that deficiency!

The Brain and Central Nervous System

As your brain ages, certain areas shrink in size, and as a result, the empty spaces deep in the brain, called the ventricles, expand a bit. As the volume of the brain gets smaller, the neurons—the specialized cells in the brain—also shrink, as do the number of neuron-to-neuron connections, called synapses. On top of this, some of the neurons die and are not replaced by new ones. 

As nerve cells break down, waste products can collect in the brain tissue, leading to new and unwanted growths called plaques and tangles. Growing both inside and outside of the brain, these growths can disrupt the communication network between the neurons. All of these changes can cause your brain to slow down and work less efficiently. You can mitigate some of these changes through practices that foster brain health, including exercise, sleeping well, and continued learning.

Inflammation. As we age, we tend to produce more free radicals, which can lead to inflammation in the brain as well as the body (see Chronic Inflammation and Yoga: An Update for information about aging and inflammation). Inflammation in the brain can increase rates of cell death, and unchecked, can lead to more severe brain issues, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Although we don’t know for sure that you can prevent Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s this way, you can prevent inflammation in general by focusing on stress management, meditation, and gentle exercise.

Blood Supply. The gradual decrease in blood flow to the brain due to arteries shrinking and changes in the blood brain barrier may decrease your body’s ability to transport nutrition into the brain and keep toxins out. All of this may contribute to overall decrease in brain function over time. To maximize your vascular health, focus on exercise, such as a well-rounded asana practice or even a gentle asana practice as well on meditation, which have have been shown to reverse clogged arteries.

Cognitive Abilities. As a result of all these structural changes, the brain and central nervous system’s ability to function also changes. For example, structural changes to the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus may cause decreases in learning, memory, planning, and decision making, as well as altering personality. This leads to a decrease in general mental abilities, such as troubles learning new things, recalling information efficiently, and keeping up with technological advances. 

Although all this often leads to older people performing poorly on complex tasks of attention, learning, and memory, all is not lost. It turns out that if older adults practice these tasks, they often perform as well as younger adults. Additionally, older people often continue to improve in certain other cognitive tasks including vocabulary, verbal knowledge, and information analysis. This explains why my grandmother could whoop me at Scrabble when she was 88! And we also know that when we are engaged in learning new activities, skills, and creative projects, the brain will continue to grow and build new neurons and neural synapses, a process neuroplasticity. In addition to continued learning, regular exercise, managing stress levels, and participating in a community will all help foster cognitive ability as you age. 

The Peripheral Nervous System

Aging brings natural changes to the nerves of your peripheral nervous system causing them to shrink and the insulation around them to be reduced. As a result, nerve cells may pass messages more slowly between the body and the brain, causing your body to respond less rapidly and reducing your overall agility. This slowing can also affect your senses, leading to reduced or even lost sensory feedback from your body to your brain, including:

• Diminished response to touch, and to sense where you are in space and what types of surfaces your body is touching (this affects your ability to balance) 
• Decreased eyesight
• Decreased hearing
• Decreased sense of smell
• Decreased sense of taste
• Changes in perception changes, so in some people there is a decrease in pain sensation and sensitivity, while in some others, there is an increase.

By improving blood flow to the special sensory nerve receptors (the nerves that shuttle information back to the brain) and increasing space around your nerves, regular exercise can help support healthy senses. In addition, maintaining good nutrition and regularly resting your senses regularly with restorative practices can also help. 

Slower responses from your nerves to the muscles involved in conscious action affect coordination and speed of movement, as well as strength of muscle response. Of course, this can in turn lead to movement and safety problems. You can counteract this slowing with regular well-rounded exercise, such as a well-rounded asana practice that focuses on strength, flexibility, balance, and agility.

Aging also causes a decline in blood flow in the nerves and the ability of nerves to regenerate after an injury. Regular exercise, such as a well-rounded asana practice, will help with this by improving blood flow and releasing holding patterns around your nerves, allowing them to function them better.

In your autonomic nervous system, the slower messaging of nerves affects how well your brain communicates with your cardiovascular system, as well as the other organs and systems whose functions it coordinates, such as the digestive system and bladder. Slower communication can lead to less efficient functioning of all those systems, causing, for example, sluggish digestion or trouble with urination. To preserve good autonomic functioning, both regular exercise, including a well-rounded asana practice, and managing chronic stress can be helpful. 

To summarize, there’s quite a lot you can do to maintain the health of your brain and nervous system as you age, including:

1. Exercise regularly. Exercise been shown to be one of most important things you can do for keeping your brain and nervous system healthy as well as your body. 
2. Maintain good nutrition. Good nutrition is as important for brain health as it is for physical health.
3. Meditate. This not only improves mental functioning, such as the ability to focus and maintain willpower, but it has been shown that meditation actually strengthen the brain.
4. Sleep. Good sleep is necessary for the brain to function properly and also to keep it healthy. 
5. Manage Chronic Stress. Reducing chronic stress helps reduce inflammation and reduces the likelihood of developing chronic conditions that negatively impact the nervous system, such as Diabetes and Hypertension. Allows healing time for nervous system as well as brain.
6. Keep Learning. Ongoing learning stimulates neuroplasticity and the growth of new brain cells. 
7. Join a Community. Socializing and belonging to a community improves cognition as well as emotional health.

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